1063 Papal indulgence for military participation in Reconquest of Spain from Muslims

1071 Battle of Manzikert: Turkish threat to Byzantine empire

1095 Pope Urban II initiates the First Crusade

1099 Crusaders Capture Jerusalem, establish Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

1120 Foundation of the Knights Templar

1145 Second Crusade called to Recover Edessa and Lost Territory; preached by St Bernard

1187 Saladin's Islamic Counterattack Culminates with Capture of Jerusalem

1187 Third Crusade (Kings' Crusade)

1202-04 Fourth Crusade and the Capture of Constantinople

1209 Albigensian Crusade in southern France

1212 Children's Crusade

1225 Teutonic Order of Knights Begins its permanent Prussian Crusade

1228-29 Jerusalem recovered by Emperor Frederick II (held till 1244)

1291 Collapse of Latin Power in the Holy Land